Energy Shift
What is the Cost of Europe’s Energy Crisis?
What is the Cost of Europe’s Energy Crisis?
Europe is scrambling to cut its reliance on Russian fossil fuels.
As European gas prices soar eight times their 10-year average, countries are introducing policies to curb the impact of rising prices on households and businesses. These include everything from the cost of living subsidies to wholesale price regulation. Overall, funding for such initiatives has reached $276 billion as of August.
With the continent thrown into uncertainty, the above chart shows allocated funding by country in response to the energy crisis.
The Energy Crisis, In Numbers
Using data from Bruegel, the below table reflects spending on national policies, regulation, and subsidies in response to the energy crisis for select European countries between September 2021 and July 2022. All figures in U.S. dollars.
Country | Allocated Funding | Percentage of GDP | Household Energy Spending, Average Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
🇩🇪 Germany | $60.2B | 1.7% | 9.9% |
🇮🇹 Italy | $49.5B | 2.8% | 10.3% |
🇫🇷 France | $44.7B | 1.8% | 8.5% |
🇬🇧 U.K. | $37.9B | 1.4% | 11.3% |
🇪🇸 Spain | $27.3B | 2.3% | 8.9% |
🇦🇹 Austria | $9.1B | 2.3% | 8.9% |
🇵🇱 Poland | $7.6B | 1.3% | 12.9% |
🇬🇷 Greece | $6.8B | 3.7% | 9.9% |
🇳🇱 Netherlands | $6.2B | 0.7% | 8.6% |
🇨🇿 Czech Republic | $5.9B | 2.5% | 16.1% |
🇧🇪 Belgium | $4.1B | 0.8% | 8.2% |
🇷🇴 Romania | $3.8B | 1.6% | 12.5% |
🇱🇹 Lithuania | $2.0B | 3.6% | 10.0% |
🇸🇪 Sweden | $1.9B | 0.4% | 9.2% |
🇫🇮 Finland | $1.2B | 0.5% | 6.1% |
🇸🇰 Slovakia | $1.0B | 1.0% | 14.0% |
🇮🇪 Ireland | $1.0B | 0.2% | 9.2% |
🇧🇬 Bulgaria | $0.8B | 1.2% | 11.2% |
🇱🇺 Luxembourg | $0.8B | 1.1% | n/a |
🇭🇷 Croatia | $0.6B | 1.1% | 14.3% |
🇱🇻 Lativia | $0.5B | 1.4% | 11.6% |
🇩🇰 Denmark | $0.5B | 0.1% | 8.2% |
🇸🇮 Slovenia | $0.3B | 0.5% | 10.4% |
🇲🇹 Malta | $0.2B | 1.4% | n/a |
🇪🇪 Estonia | $0.2B | 0.8% | 10.9% |
🇨🇾 Cyprus | $0.1B | 0.7% | n/a |
Source: Bruegel, IMF. Euro and pound sterling exchange rates to U.S. dollar as of August 25, 2022.
Germany is spending over $60 billion to combat rising energy prices. Key measures include a $300 one-off energy allowance for workers, in addition to $147 million in funding for low-income families. Still, energy costs are forecasted to increase by an additional $500 this year for households.
In Italy, workers and pensioners will receive a $200 cost of living bonus. Additional measures, such as tax credits for industries with high energy usage were introduced, including a $800 million fund for the automotive sector.
With energy bills predicted to increase three-fold over the winter, households in the U.K. will receive a $477 subsidy in the winter to help cover electricity costs.
Meanwhile, many Eastern European countries—whose households spend a higher percentage of their income on energy costs— are spending more on the energy crisis as a percentage of GDP. Greece is spending the highest, at 3.7% of GDP.
Utility Bailouts
Energy crisis spending is also extending to massive utility bailouts.
Uniper, a German utility firm, received $15 billion in support, with the government acquiring a 30% stake in the company. It is one of the largest bailouts in the country’s history. Since the initial bailout, Uniper has requested an additional $4 billion in funding.
Not only that, Wien Energie, Austria’s largest energy company, received a €2 billion line of credit as electricity prices have skyrocketed.
Deepening Crisis
Is this the tip of the iceberg? To offset the impact of high gas prices, European ministers are discussing even more tools throughout September in response to a threatening energy crisis.
To reign in the impact of high gas prices on the price of power, European leaders are considering a price ceiling on Russian gas imports and temporary price caps on gas used for generating electricity, among others.
Price caps on renewables and nuclear were also suggested.
Given the depth of the situation, the chief executive of Shell said that the energy crisis in Europe would extend beyond this winter, if not for several years.
Energy Shift
How Much Does the U.S. Depend on Russian Uranium?
Despite a new uranium ban being discussed in Congress, the U.S. is still heavily dependent on Russian uranium.
How Much Does the U.S. Depend on Russian Uranium?
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
The U.S. House of Representatives recently passed a ban on imports of Russian uranium. The bill must pass the Senate before becoming law.
In this graphic, we visualize how much the U.S. relies on Russian uranium, based on data from the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA).
U.S. Suppliers of Enriched Uranium
After Russia invaded Ukraine, the U.S. imposed sanctions on Russian-produced oil and gas—yet Russian-enriched uranium is still being imported.
Currently, Russia is the largest foreign supplier of nuclear power fuel to the United States. In 2022, Russia supplied almost a quarter of the enriched uranium used to fuel America’s fleet of more than 90 commercial reactors.
Country of enrichment service | SWU* | % |
---|---|---|
🇺🇸 United States | 3,876 | 27.34% |
🇷🇺 Russia | 3,409 | 24.04% |
🇩🇪 Germany | 1,763 | 12.40% |
🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 1,593 | 11.23% |
🇳🇱 Netherlands | 1,303 | 9.20% |
Other | 2,232 | 15.79% |
Total | 14,176 | 100% |
SWU stands for “Separative Work Unit” in the uranium industry. It is a measure of the amount of work required to separate isotopes of uranium during the enrichment process. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Most of the remaining uranium is imported from European countries, while another portion is produced by a British-Dutch-German consortium operating in the United States called Urenco.
Similarly, nearly a dozen countries around the world depend on Russia for more than half of their enriched uranium—and many of them are NATO-allied members and allies of Ukraine.
In 2023 alone, the U.S. nuclear industry paid over $800 million to Russia’s state-owned nuclear energy corporation, Rosatom, and its fuel subsidiaries.
It is important to note that 19% of electricity in the U.S. is powered by nuclear plants.
The dependency on Russian fuels dates back to the 1990s when the United States turned away from its own enrichment capabilities in favor of using down-blended stocks of Soviet-era weapons-grade uranium.
As part of the new uranium-ban bill, the Biden administration plans to allocate $2.2 billion for the expansion of uranium enrichment facilities in the United States.
Energy Shift
Visualizing the Rise of the U.S. as Top Crude Oil Producer
Over the last decade, the U.S. has surpassed Saudi Arabia and Russia as the world’s top producer of crude oil.
Visualizing the Rise of the U.S. as Top Crude Oil Producer
Over the last decade, the United States has established itself as the world’s top producer of crude oil, surpassing Saudi Arabia and Russia.
This infographic illustrates the rise of the U.S. as the biggest oil producer, based on data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
U.S. Takes Lead in 2018
Over the last three decades, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Russia have alternated as the top crude producers, but always by small margins.
During the 1990s, Saudi Arabia dominated crude production, taking advantage of its extensive oil reserves. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 42% of the country’s GDP, 87% of its budget revenues, and 90% of export earnings.
However, during the 2000s, Russia surpassed Saudi Arabia in production during some years, following strategic investments in expanding its oil infrastructure. The majority of Russia’s oil goes to OECD Europe (60%), with around 20% going to China.
Crude Oil Production | United States | Saudi Arabia | Russia |
---|---|---|---|
1992 | 11.93% | 13.97% | 12.74% |
1993 | 11.50% | 13.68% | 11.35% |
1994 | 10.96% | 13.32% | 10.50% |
1995 | 10.60% | 13.17% | 9.96% |
1996 | 10.21% | 12.87% | 9.49% |
1997 | 9.84% | 12.73% | 9.29% |
1998 | 9.39% | 12.58% | 9.05% |
1999 | 9.06% | 11.99% | 9.33% |
2000 | 8.67% | 12.33% | 9.64% |
2001 | 8.65% | 11.89% | 10.45% |
2002 | 8.63% | 11.49% | 11.53% |
2003 | 8.05% | 12.92% | 12.10% |
2004 | 7.46% | 12.74% | 12.67% |
2005 | 7.00% | 13.21% | 12.82% |
2006 | 6.85% | 13.00% | 12.90% |
2007 | 6.84% | 12.38% | 13.29% |
2008 | 6.71% | 12.44% | 12.56% |
2009 | 7.32% | 11.28% | 12.98% |
2010 | 7.37% | 11.31% | 13.03% |
2011 | 7.55% | 12.81% | 13.02% |
2012 | 8.50% | 13.04% | 12.94% |
2013 | 9.76% | 12.86% | 13.10% |
2014 | 11.18% | 12.60% | 12.86% |
2015 | 11.67% | 12.77% | 12.66% |
2016 | 10.92% | 13.12% | 13.02% |
2017 | 11.53% | 12.68% | 13.05% |
2018 | 13.21% | 12.77% | 12.96% |
2019 | 14.90% | 12.15% | 13.20% |
2020 | 14.87% | 12.37% | 12.97% |
2021 | 14.59% | 12.06% | 13.10% |
2022 | 14.73% | 13.17% | 12.76% |
Over the 2010s, the U.S. witnessed an increase in domestic production, much of it attributable to hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” in the shale formations ranging from Texas to North Dakota. It became the world’s largest oil producer in 2018, outproducing Russia and Saudi Arabia.
The U.S. accounted for 14.7% of crude oil production worldwide in 2022, compared to 13.1% for Saudi Arabia and 12.7% for Russia.
Despite leading petroleum production, the U.S. still trails seven countries in remaining proven reserves underground, with 55,251 million barrels.
Venezuela has the biggest reserves with 303,221 million barrels. Saudi Arabia, with 267,192 million barrels, occupies the second spot, while Russia is seventh with 80,000 million barrels.
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