Energy Shift
Forecasting U.S. Clean Energy Job Creation by State (2019-2050)
How to Use: Click the arrows on the left/right to navigate between 2030 and 2050 job projections.
The Growth of Clean Energy Jobs by State
As the world is slowly moving towards a carbon-free future, job prospects within the renewable energy industry will see a boom in the coming years. Ranging from environmental scientists to renewable energy generation technicians and engineers, clean energy jobs are growing.
Between the shuttering of coal plants and companies making efforts to use renewable sources of energy, the United States on its own could see the creation of 5 million net new jobs within the energy-supply sector, driven by clean energy.
These jobs offer a more sustainable and high-paying alternative for the current and new workforce, especially in some of the country’s highly fossil-fuel-dependent states.
Based on analysis presented by Princeton University, the above infographic visualizes the forecasted change in energy-supply jobs in every state from 2019 to 2030 and up until 2050, in a net-zero scenario.
Shift in Energy Supply Jobs by 2030: Texas on the Forefront
Between 2020 and 2021, jobs in the oil and gas sector saw a 9% decline in Texas, a reduction of more than 55,000 in the state. Despite this, Texas is still one of the largest oil and natural gas producers, employing the highest number of people.
A rapid rise in employment in the clean energy industry will compensate for this decline in fossil fuel sector jobs. Texas fossil fuel unions have also signed onto the climate action plan and vowed to create more jobs in the clean energy sector.
In the process, Texas will see nearly 135,000 net new energy-supply jobs by 2030, more than any other state.
Here’s a look at the number of forecasted net new energy-supply jobs in the rest of the country:
State | Forecasted Net Change in Energy-supply Jobs (2019-2030) |
---|---|
Texas | 134,446 |
California | 73,259 |
Florida | 65,754 |
South Carolina | 55,058 |
Iowa | 46,295 |
Virginia | 43,250 |
New Mexico | 39,548 |
Indiana | 38,908 |
Missouri | 33,786 |
Oklahoma | 30,953 |
Nebraska | 30,866 |
Illinois | 30,003 |
New York | 26,063 |
North Carolina | 25,789 |
Kansas | 22,064 |
Colorado | 18,634 |
Washington | 17,272 |
Alabama | 12,977 |
New Jersey | 12,845 |
Minnesota | 12,726 |
Michigan | 12,546 |
Georgia | 12,375 |
Oregon | 11,794 |
Pennsylvania | 11,581 |
Massachusetts | 11,332 |
North Dakota | 10,319 |
Mississippi | 9,564 |
Louisiana | 7,460 |
Utah | 7,388 |
Idaho | 6,758 |
Maryland | 6,461 |
Connecticut | 6,429 |
Nevada | 6,358 |
Montana | 6,014 |
Ohio | 5,873 |
Kentucky | 5,106 |
Maine | 4,483 |
Arizona | 3,962 |
South Dakota | 3,904 |
Tennessee | 3,752 |
Wyoming | 2,458 |
New Hampshire | 2,167 |
Arkansas | 1,991 |
Vermont | 1,591 |
Delaware | 1,538 |
Rhode Island | 1,399 |
Wisconsin | 863 |
West Virginia | -1521 |
Total U.S. | 852,651 |
Note: Negative values indicate a decline in energy-supply jobs by 2030.
Shift in Energy Supply Jobs by 2050: Wisconsin Advances
Wisconsin has stated its desire to transition to 100% clean energy by 2050, growing the state’s economy by more than $21 billion.
According to Princeton, Wisconsin could also introduce more than 46,000 net new energy-supply jobs by 2050, a tremendous leap over the state’s 863 new jobs forecasted through 2030.
State | Forecasted Net Change in Energy-supply Jobs (2019-2050) |
---|---|
Texas | 728,899 |
California | 356,350 |
Iowa | 266,464 |
Florida | 262,254 |
Nebraska | 216,561 |
Oklahoma | 213,432 |
Virginia | 209,840 |
Colorado | 183,014 |
Indiana | 170,705 |
Illinois | 165,348 |
Minnesota | 154,014 |
Oregon | 139,981 |
Kansas | 135,561 |
Georgia | 130,015 |
Pennsylvania | 127,286 |
Missouri | 126,825 |
Alabama | 125,812 |
New York | 121,786 |
Washington | 107,267 |
Maine | 102,026 |
Mississippi | 92,425 |
North Dakota | 86,490 |
Michigan | 80,755 |
New Mexico | 76,566 |
Tennessee | 74,275 |
North Carolina | 74,150 |
South Carolina | 62,779 |
Wyoming | 61,225 |
Montana | 60,127 |
Ohio | 53,848 |
Wisconsin | 46,445 |
New Hampshire | 44,025 |
South Dakota | 43,916 |
Arkansas | 42,038 |
Maryland | 39,527 |
West Virginia | 32,439 |
Nevada | 30,990 |
Kentucky | 29,243 |
Idaho | 28,371 |
Utah | 28,059 |
Vermont | 26,293 |
Arizona | 14,399 |
Delaware | 11,954 |
New Jersey | 11,091 |
Louisiana | 9,969 |
Connecticut | 5,644 |
Rhode Island | 1,478 |
Massachusetts | -6,703 |
Total U.S. | 5,160,124 |
Note: Negative values indicate a decline in energy-supply jobs by 2050.
The state of Wyoming has the second-highest change in energy supply jobs, going from 2,400 jobs by 2030 to nearly 62,000 by 2050. Meanwhile, California, Florida, and Texas will continue their commitment to being leaders and introducing more clean energy-supply jobs by 2050.
The only states that will see a decline in clean energy jobs between their 2030 and 2050 totals are the northeastern states of Connecticut, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.
Most states have taken measures to create more sustainable and high-paying jobs without leaving the current workforce in the lurch. On average, U.S. states will see an increase of 105,000 energy-supply jobs by 2050.
As the states and the country make this transition and federal and private investment in the renewable energy industry increases, it’ll be interesting to keep track of how new clean energy jobs impact the economy.
Energy Shift
How Many New Mines Are Needed for the Energy Transition?
Copper and lithium will require the highest number of new mines.

How Many New Mines Are Needed for the Energy Transition?
Nearly 300 Mines
According to Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, meeting global battery demand by 2030 would require 293 new mines or plants.
Mineral | 2024 Supply (t) | 2030 Demand (t) | Supply Needed (t) | No. of Mines/Plants | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lithium | 1,181,000 | 2,728,000 | 1,547,000 | 52 | Mine |
Cobalt | 272,000 | 401,000 | 129,000 | 26 | Mine |
Nickel | 3,566,000 | 4,949,000 | 1,383,000 | 28 | Mine |
Natural Graphite | 1,225,000 | 2,933,000 | 1,708,000 | 31 | Mine |
Synthetic Graphite | 1,820,000 | 2,176,000 | 356,000 | 12 | Plant |
Manganese | 90,000 | 409,000 | 319,000 | 21 | Plant |
Purified Phosphoric Acid | 6,493,000 | 9,001,000 | 2,508,000 | 33 | Plant |
Copper | 22,912,000 | 26,576,000 | 3,664,000 | 61 | Mine |
Rare Earths | 83,711 | 116,663 | 32,952 | 29 | Mine |
Copper, used in wires and other applications, and lithium, essential for batteries, will require the most significant number of new mines.
Manganese production would need to increase more than fourfold to meet anticipated demand.
Not an Easy Task
Building new mines is one of the biggest challenges in reaching the expected demand.
After discovery and exploration, mineral projects must go through a lengthy process of research, permitting, and funding before becoming operational.
In the U.S., for instance, developing a new mine can take 29 years.
In contrast, Ghana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Laos have some of the shortest development times in the world, at roughly 10 to 15 years.
Energy Shift
Visualizing Europe’s Dependence on Chinese Resources
Europe depends entirely on China for heavy rare earth elements, critical for technologies such as hybrid cars and fiber optics.

Visualizing Europe’s Dependence on Chinese Resources
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Despite efforts by European countries to reduce their reliance on China for critical materials, the region remains heavily dependent on Chinese resources.
This graphic shows the percentage of EU raw material supply sourced from China for 12 raw materials used in various industries. Bloomberg published this data in May 2024 based on European Commission research.
China’s Dominance in Clean Energy Minerals
Europe is 100% dependent on China for heavy rare earth elements used in technologies such as hybrid cars, fiber optics, and nuclear power.
Additionally, 97% of the magnesium consumed in Europe, for uses ranging from aerospace alloys to automotive parts, comes from the Asian country.
Raw Material | Percentage Supplied by China | Usage |
---|---|---|
Heavy rare earth elements | 100% | nuclear reactors, TV screens, fiber optics |
Magnesium | 97% | Aerospace alloys, automotive parts |
Light rare earth elements | 85% | Catalysts, aircraft engines, magnets |
Lithium | 79% | Batteries, pharmaceuticals, ceramics |
Gallium | 71% | Semiconductors, LEDs, solar panels |
Scandium | 67% | Aerospace components, power generation, sports equipment |
Bismuth | 65% | Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, low-melting alloys |
Vanadium | 62% | Steel alloys, aerospace, tools |
Baryte | 45% | Oil and gas drilling, paints, plastics |
Germanium | 45% | Fiber optics, infrared optics, electronics |
Natural graphite | 40% | Batteries, lubricants, refractory materials |
Tungsten | 32% | Cutting tools, electronics, heavy metal alloys |
Almost 80% of the lithium in electric vehicles and electronics batteries comes from China.
Assessing the Risks
The EU faces a pressing concern over access to essential materials, given the apprehension that China could “weaponize” its dominance of the sector.
One proposed solution is the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act, which entered into force in May 2024.
The act envisions a quota of 10% of all critical raw materials consumed in the EU to be produced within the EU.
Additionally, it calls for a significant increase in recycling efforts, totaling up to 25% of annual consumption in the EU. Lastly, it sets the target of reducing dependency for any critical raw material on a single non-EU country to less than 65% by 2030.
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