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The World’s Top 10 Lithium Mining Companies

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VCE The World’s Top 10 Lithium Mining Companies

The World’s Top 10 Lithium Mining Companies

Battery demand for electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and portable electronic devices is propelling lithium mining around the planet.

As a result, worldwide lithium production increased by 21% in 2021 compared to 2020 to approximately 100,000 metric tons.

The above infographic lists the world’s largest mining companies of the white metal by market capitalization.

Where Does Lithium Come From?

There are two primary sources to obtain lithium:

  • Brine: Lithium brine deposits are accumulations of saline groundwater enriched in dissolved lithium. Although abundant in nature, only select regions in the world contain brines, mostly in South America.
  • Mineral/Hard Rock: Lithium found in ‘hard rock’ is a part of minerals hosted in pegmatites, rock units formed when mineral-rich magma intrudes from magma chambers into the Earth’s crust. As the magma cools, water and other minerals become concentrated.

Lithium can also be extracted from lithium clays, but there’s still no commercial scale of production for this method of extraction.

Here’s a look at lithium resources and production by country:

Country Mine Production (metric tons)Reserves (metric tons)
🇦🇺 Australia55,0005,700,000
🇨🇱 Chile26,0009,200,000
🇨🇳 China14,0001,500,000
🇦🇷 Argentina6,2002,200,000
🇧🇷 Brazil1,50095,000
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe1,200220,000
🇵🇹 Portugal90060,000
🇺🇸 United StatesWithheld750,000
🌐 Other countries 2,700,000

According to the U.S. Geological Survey, four mineral operations in Australia, two brine operations each in Argentina and Chile, and two brine and one mineral operation in China accounted for the majority of global lithium production in 2021.

The Largest Lithium Miners

The world’s largest lithium producer, Albemarle Corporation, operates at the Chilean resource of Salar de Atacama in partnership with the second biggest producer, Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile (SQM). Salar de Atacama is home to almost a quarter of the world’s current supply of lithium and has been in operation since the 1980s.

Albemarle also has assets in Nevada, U.S., and Australia. Its Clayton Valley operation is the only source of lithium production in the United States.

RankCompanyMarket Cap (in billions $)
#1Albemarle33.9
#2SQM (Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile)29.6
#3Tianqi Lithium25.0
#4Ganfeng Lithium22.9
#5Mineral Resources Ltd. 9.4
#6Pilbara Minerals8.6
#7Allkem6.5
#8Livent6.2
#9Sichuan Yahua Industrial4.8
#10Lithium Americas4.2

While Australia and Chile account for the majority of lithium supply, China has more than half of all capacity for refining it into specialized battery chemicals.

As part of the country’s efforts to dominate the clean energy metals supply chain, three Chinese companies are also among the top lithium mining companies. The biggest, Tianqi Lithium, has a significant stake in Greenbushes, the world’s biggest hard-rock lithium mine in Australia.

Lithium Supply Security

Between 2000 and 2010, lithium consumption in batteries increased by 20% annually. In the following decade, that figure jumped to 107% per year for batteries, with overall lithium consumption growing 27% annually on average.

Demand for lithium is forecast to almost triple by mid-decade from last year’s level, according to BloombergNEF.

Therefore, lithium supply security has become a top priority for tech companies in Asia, Europe, and the United States.

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Visualizing the Supply Deficit of Battery Minerals (2024-2034P)

A surplus of key metals is expected to shift to a major deficit within a decade.

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This graphic represents how key minerals for batteries will shift from a surplus in 2024 to a deficit in 2034.

Visualizing the Supply Deficit of Battery Minerals (2024-2034P)

The world currently produces a surplus of key battery minerals, but this is projected to shift to a significant deficit over the next 10 years.

This graphic illustrates this change, driven primarily by growing battery demand. The data comes exclusively from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, as of November 2024.

Minerals in a Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode

Minerals make up the bulk of materials used to produce parts within the cell, ensuring the flow of electrical current:

  • Lithium: Acts as the primary charge carrier, enabling energy storage and transfer within the battery.
  • Cobalt: Stabilizes the cathode structure, improving battery lifespan and performance.
  • Nickel: Boosts energy density, allowing batteries to store more energy.
  • Manganese: Enhances thermal stability and safety, reducing overheating risks.

The cells in an average battery with a 60 kilowatt-hour (kWh) capacity—the same size used in a Chevy Bolt—contain roughly 185 kilograms of minerals.

Battery Demand Forecast

Due to the growing demand for these materials, their production and mining have increased exponentially in recent years, led by China. In this scenario, all the metals shown in the graphic currently experience a surplus.

In the long term, however, with the greater adoption of batteries and other renewable energy technologies, projections indicate that all these minerals will enter a deficit.

For example, lithium demand is expected to more than triple by 2034, resulting in a projected deficit of 572,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE). According to Benchmark analysis, the lithium industry would need over $40 billion in investment to meet demand by 2030.

MetricLithium (in tonnes LCE)Nickel (in tonnes)Cobalt (in tonnes)Manganese (in tonnes)
2024 Demand1,103,0003,440,000230,000119,000
2024 Surplus88,000117,00024,00011,000
2034 Demand3,758,0006,082,000468,000650,000
2034 Deficit-572,000-839,000-91,000-307,000

Nickel demand, on the other hand, is expected to almost double, leading to a deficit of 839,000 tonnes by 2034. The surge in demand is attributed primarily to the rise of mid- and high-performance electric vehicles (EVs) in Western markets.

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Visualizing the EU’s Critical Minerals Gap by 2030

This graphic underscores the scale of the challenge the bloc faces in strengthening its critical mineral supply by 2030.

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This graphic underscores the scale of the challenge the EU faces in strengthening its critical mineral supply chains under the Critical Raw Material Act.

Visualizing EU’s Critical Minerals Gap by 2030

The European Union’s Critical Raw Material Act sets out several ambitious goals to enhance the resilience of its critical mineral supply chains.

The Act includes non-binding targets for the EU to build sufficient mining capacity so that mines within the bloc can meet 10% of its critical mineral demand.

Additionally, the Act establishes a goal for 40% of demand to be met by processing within the bloc, and 25% through recycling.

Several months after the Act’s passage in May 2024, this graphic highlights the scale of the challenge the EU aims to overcome. This data comes exclusively from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, as of July 2024. The graphic excludes synthetic graphite.

Securing Europe’s Supply of Critical Materials

With the exception of nickel mining, none of the battery minerals deemed strategic by the EU are on track to meet these goals.

Graphite, the largest mineral component used in batteries, is of particular concern. There is no EU-mined supply of manganese ore or coke, the precursor to synthetic graphite.

By 2030, the European Union is expected to supply 16,000 tonnes of flake graphite locally, compared to the 45,000 tonnes it would need to meet the 10% mining target.

Metal 2030 Demand (tonnes)Mining (F)Processing (F)Recycling (F)Mining Target Processing Target Recycling Target
Lithium459K29K46K25K46K184K115K
Nickel403K42K123K25K40K161K101K
Cobalt94K1K19K6K9K37K23K
Manganese147K0K21K5K15K59K37K
Flake Graphite453K16K17KN/A45K86KN/A

The EU is also expected to mine 29,000 tonnes of LCE (lithium carbonate equivalent) compared to the 46,000 tonnes needed to meet the 10% target.

In terms of mineral processing, the bloc is expected to process 25% of its lithium requirements, 76% of nickel, 51% of cobalt, 36% of manganese, and 20% of flake graphite.

The EU is expected to recycle only 22% of its lithium needs, 25% of nickel, 26% of cobalt, and 14% of manganese. Graphite, meanwhile, is not widely recycled on a commercial scale.

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