Misc
The Largest Copper Mines in the World by Capacity
The Largest Copper Mines in the World
Copper is one of the most-used metals in the world, for good reason.
Global copper production has expanded with populations and economies, especially in China, which consumed 54% of the world’s refined copper in 2020. Copper’s demand comes from various industries, ranging from construction to renewable energy.
But before copper reaches its array of end-uses, miners have to extract and refine from deposits within the ground. So where are the world’s largest copper mines, and just how large are they?
Types of Copper Deposits
The location of mines ultimately depends on the occurrence and discovery of copper deposits. There are two main types of copper deposits:
- Porphyry deposits:
These are copper ore bodies formed from hydrothermal fluids from magma chambers that lie deep below the deposit. - Sediment-hosted deposits:
These deposits are formed when copper-bearing fluids mix with permeable sedimentary and volcanic rocks.
Copper is primarily sourced from porphyry deposits, which are concentrated in the Americas. Therefore, many of the world’s largest copper mines operate in this region.
Top 20 Copper Mines by Capacity
North, South, and Central America collectively host 15 of the 20 largest copper mines. These three regions combine the capacity for nearly 36% of global copper production in 2020.
Rank | Mine | Country | Annual Production Capacity (tonnes) | Capacity as a % Global Production† |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Escondida | Chile 🇨🇱 | 1,400,000 | 7.0% |
2 | Collahuasi | Chile 🇨🇱 | 610,000 | 3.1% |
3 | Buenavista del Cobre | Mexico 🇲🇽 | 525,000 | 2.6% |
4 | Morenci | U.S. 🇺🇸 | 520,000 | 2.6% |
5 | Cerro Verde II | Peru 🇵🇪 | 500,000 | 2.5% |
6* | Antamina | Peru 🇵🇪 | 450,000 | 2.3% |
6* | Polar Division | Russia 🇷🇺 | 450,000 | 2.3% |
8 | Las Bambas | Peru 🇵🇪 | 430,000 | 2.2% |
9 | Grasberg | Indonesia 🇮🇩 | 400,000 | 2.0% |
10 | El Teniente | Chile 🇨🇱 | 399,000 | 2.0% |
11* | Chuquicamata | Chile 🇨🇱 | 370,000 | 1.9% |
11* | Los Bronces | Chile 🇨🇱 | 370,000 | 1.9% |
11* | Los Pelambres | Chile 🇨🇱 | 370,000 | 1.9% |
14 | Kansanshi | Zambia 🇿🇲 | 340,000 | 1.7% |
15 | Radomiro Tomic | Chile 🇨🇱 | 330,000 | 1.7% |
16* | Kamoto | Congo 🇨🇩 | 300,000 | 1.5% |
16* | Cobre Panama | Panama 🇵🇦 | 300,000 | 1.5% |
18 | Bingham Canyon | U.S. 🇺🇸 | 280,000 | 1.4% |
19 | Toquepala | Peru 🇵🇪 | 265,000 | 1.3% |
20 | Sentinel | Zambia 🇿🇲 | 260,000 | 1.3% |
*Mines with equal capacities have the same rankings. †2020
The Escondida Mine in Chile is by far the world’s largest copper mine. Its annual capacity of 1.4 million tonnes means that it can produce more copper than the second and third-largest mines combined.
Porphyry copper deposits are often characterized by lower grade ores and are mined in open pits. As a result, some of the top copper mines are also among the world’s largest open pits. The Bingham Canyon Mine (seen below) in Utah, United States, is the deepest open pit with a depth of 1.2 km. It’s also the largest man-made excavation on Earth, spanning 4 km wide.
Chuquicamata and Escondida are the second and third-deepest open pits, respectively.
Indonesia’s Grasberg Mine is another notable name on this list. It produces both gold and copper on a massive scale and has the world’s largest known reserve of gold and the second-largest reserve of copper.
Overall, the top 20 mines have the capacity to produce nearly nine million tonnes of copper annually—representing 44% of global production in 2020. However, with demand for refined copper expected to rise 31% between 2020 and 2030, these existing sources of supply might not be enough.
Falling Grades, Rising Demand: New Mines on the Block?
According to the International Energy Agency, average copper ore grades in Chile have declined by 30% in the last 15 years. Since Chile’s mines produce more than one-fourth of the world’s copper, these falling ore grades could be a cause for concern—especially with a deficit looming over the market for refined copper.
New copper mining projects are becoming more valuable and it wouldn’t be surprising to see fresh names on the list of the largest copper mines. For example, the Kamoa-Kakula Mine, which started production in May 2021, is expected to churn out 800,000 tonnes of copper annually after expansion. That would make it the second-largest copper mine by capacity.
Misc
Visualizing Global Aluminum Production
China dominates global production with nearly 60% share.
Visualizing Global Aluminum Production
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
This infographic shows estimated aluminum smelter production by country in 2023, based on data from the most recent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries, published in January 2024 .
From this data, we can see that China leads as the top producer, accounting for nearly 60% of the world’s smelter capacity. Its neighbor India is the second-largest producer, making only a tenth of China’s output.
Country | 2023 Aluminum Smelter Production (tonnes) | % of total |
---|---|---|
🇨🇳 China | 41,000,000 | 59% |
🇮🇳 India | 4,100,000 | 6% |
🇷🇺 Russia | 3,800,000 | 5% |
🇨🇦 Canada | 3,000,000 | 4% |
🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates | 2,700,000 | 4% |
🇧🇭 Bahrain | 1,600,000 | 2% |
🇦🇺 Australia | 1,500,000 | 2% |
🇳🇴 Norway | 1,300,000 | 2% |
🇧🇷 Brazil | 1,100,000 | 2% |
🌍 Rest of the World | 9,460,000 | 14% |
Total | 69,560,000 | 100% |
Responsible for 5% of global aluminum output, Russia has been targeted by recent sanctions from the U.S. and the UK.
The sanctions include prohibiting metal-trading exchanges from accepting new aluminum produced by Russia and barring the import of the Russian metal into the U.S. and Britain. The actions are aimed at disrupting Russian export revenue amid Moscow’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine.
The World’s Most Common Metal
Aluminum is the primary material used for making cans, foil, and many other products. It originates from bauxites, rocks composed of aluminum oxides, and various minerals.
Approximately 25% of annually produced aluminum is utilized by the construction industry, while another 23% is allocated to vehicle frames, wires, wheels, and other components within the transportation sector. Aluminum foil, cans, and packaging constitute another significant end-use category, accounting for 17% of consumption.
Despite its extensive use, aluminum is still plentiful. Aluminum is the world’s most common metal by crustal abundance, making up 8.2% of the Earth’s crust.
According to the USGS, global resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion tonnes and are sufficient to meet world demand for metal well into the future.
Misc
Brass Rods: The Sustainable Choice
Brass rods can help cut emissions in machine shops, be recycled without losing properties, and contribute to a cleaner environment.
Brass Rods: The Sustainable Choice
Brass rods have a powerful lineup of green attributes, making them the sustainable choice for manufacturers and end-users of precision machined and forged parts.
This infographic, from the Copper Development Association, shows how brass rods can reduce emissions in machine shops, be recycled without losing properties, and contribute to a cleaner environment.
The Brass Rod Circular Economy
The metallurgical properties of brass allow pre- and post-consumer sources of brass scrap to be recycled with no loss in properties.
Brass scrap can retain over 90% of the original material value. In addition, brass doesn’t need energy-intensive processing, unlike steel and aluminum, which must be smelted and refined before being recycled into new products.
As a result, there is a greater chance that steel and aluminum scrap will end up in landfills.
Most brass-rod alloys produced in North America contain 95% or higher recycled content.
Closed-loop recycling of brass keeps this valuable engineering material out of landfills, reducing the need for new mines and all the environmental impacts that entails.
Higher Machinability Leads to Lower Operational Carbon Emissions
Machinability is how easily a material can be worked using cutting processes. It directly impacts the amount of energy required to produce finished parts.
With typical machine shops producing millions of parts each year, the carbon impact can be significant.
Here’s how brass and steel compare when manufacturing complex parts using computer numerical control (CNC) machining.
Material | Brass | Steel |
---|---|---|
Type | Free-cutting brass (C36000) | Free-cutting steel (12L14) |
Maximum machinability rating (0-100) | 100 | 21 |
Metal Removal Rate (cubic inches per minute) | 0.238 | 0.114 |
Time to remove material (hours) | 161,111 | 336,111 |
Energy required to produce parts (kilowatt-hour) | 9,475 | 18,931 |
In this example, using brass represented a savings of 3,510 kg in carbon dioxide (CO2).
The significantly longer tool life enabled by brass also reduces the need for new cutting tools, further decreasing emissions.
High recycled content and exceptional machinability make brass rods the sustainable choice for manufacturers and end-users seeking to reduce their environmental footprint and support the transition to a low-carbon future.
Explore the advantages of brass rod solutions.
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