For these economies, mining exports (minerals, ores, and metals) are the primary category of goods sent abroad.
This graphic shows the gold-to-oil ratio since 1946, charting the significant shifts between the world's two biggest commodities.
The gold-to-silver ratio shows how many ounces of silver equal one ounce of gold.
India's consumption is 50 times higher than its domestic supply.
Russia and China lead in gold purchases.
The U.S. ranks first with more than double the reserves of second-place Germany.
Gold production in 2023 was led by China, Australia, and Russia, with each outputting over 300 tonnes.
While gold prices hit all-time highs, gold mining stocks have lagged far behind.
Global gold production has grown exponentially since the 1800s, with 86% of all above-ground gold mined in the last 200 years.
Ten materials, including cobalt, lithium, graphite, and rare earths, are deemed critical by all three.
