Technology Metals
Rare Earth Metals Production is No Longer Monopolized by China
Energy Shift
Rare Earth Elements: Where in the World Are They?
Rare earth elements are the critical ingredients for a greener economy, making their reserves increasingly valuable to global supply chains.
Rare Earths Elements: Where in the World Are They?
Rare earth elements are a group of metals that are critical ingredients for a greener economy, and the location of the reserves for mining are increasingly important and valuable.
This infographic features data from the United States Geological Society (USGS) which reveals the countries with the largest known reserves of rare earth elements (REEs).
What are Rare Earth Metals?
REEs, also called rare earth metals or rare earth oxides, or lanthanides, are a set of 17 silvery-white soft heavy metals.
The 17 rare earth elements are: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y).
Scandium and yttrium are not part of the lanthanide family, but end users include them because they occur in the same mineral deposits as the lanthanides and have similar chemical properties.
The term “rare earth” is a misnomer as rare earth metals are actually abundant in the Earth’s crust. However, they are rarely found in large, concentrated deposits on their own, but rather among other elements instead.
Rare Earth Elements, How Do They Work?
Most rare earth elements find their uses as catalysts and magnets in traditional and low-carbon technologies. Other important uses of rare earth elements are in the production of special metal alloys, glass, and high-performance electronics.
Alloys of neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm) can be used to create strong magnets that withstand high temperatures, making them ideal for a wide variety of mission critical electronics and defense applications.
| End-use | % of 2019 Rare Earth Demand |
|---|---|
| Permanent Magnets | 38% |
| Catalysts | 23% |
| Glass Polishing Powder and Additives | 13% |
| Metallurgy and Alloys | 8% |
| Battery Alloys | 9% |
| Ceramics, Pigments and Glazes | 5% |
| Phosphors | 3% |
| Other | 4% |
The strongest known magnet is an alloy of neodymium with iron and boron. Adding other REEs such as dysprosium and praseodymium can change the performance and properties of magnets.
Hybrid and electric vehicle engines, generators in wind turbines, hard disks, portable electronics and cell phones require these magnets and elements. This role in technology makes their mining and refinement a point of concern for many nations.
For example, one megawatt of wind energy capacity requires 171 kg of rare earths, a single U.S. F-35 fighter jet requires about 427 kg of rare earths, and a Virginia-class nuclear submarine uses nearly 4.2 tonnes.
Global Reserves of Rare Earth Minerals
China tops the list for mine production and reserves of rare earth elements, with 44 million tons in reserves and 140,000 tons of annual mine production.
While Vietnam and Brazil have the second and third most reserves of rare earth metals with 22 million tons in reserves and 21 million tons, respectively, their mine production is among the lowest of all the countries at only 1,000 tons per year each.
| Country | Mine Production 2020 | Reserves | % of Total Reserves |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 140,000 | 44,000,000 | 38.0% |
| Vietnam | 1,000 | 22,000,000 | 19.0% |
| Brazil | 1,000 | 21,000,000 | 18.1% |
| Russia | 2,700 | 12,000,000 | 10.4% |
| India | 3,000 | 6,900,000 | 6.0% |
| Australia | 17,000 | 4,100,000 | 3.5% |
| United States | 38,000 | 1,500,000 | 1.3% |
| Greenland | - | 1,500,000 | 1.3% |
| Tanzania | - | 890,000 | 0.8% |
| Canada | - | 830,000 | 0.7% |
| South Africa | - | 790,000 | 0.7% |
| Other Countries | 100 | 310,000 | 0.3% |
| Burma | 30,000 | N/A | N/A |
| Madagascar | 8,000 | N/A | N/A |
| Thailand | 2,000 | N/A | N/A |
| Burundi | 500 | N/A | N/A |
| World Total | 243,300 | 115,820,000 | 100% |
While the United States has 1.5 million tons in reserves, it is largely dependent on imports from China for refined rare earths.
Ensuring a Global Supply
In the rare earth industry, China’s dominance has been no accident. Years of research and industrial policy helped the nation develop a superior position in the market, and now the country has the ability to control production and the global availability of these valuable metals.
This tight control of the supply of these important metals has the world searching for their own supplies. With the start of mining operations in other countries, China’s share of global production has fallen from 92% in 2010 to 58%< in 2020. However, China has a strong foothold in the supply chain and produced 85% of the world’s refined rare earths in 2020.
China awards production quotas to only six state-run companies:
- China Minmetals Rare Earth Co
- Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co
- Guangdong Rising Nonferrous
- China Northern Rare Earth Group
- China Southern Rare Earth Group
- Xiamen Tungsten
As the demand for REEs increases, the world will need tap these reserves. This graphic could provide clues as to the next source of rare earth elements.
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